The Cape Colony (Dutch: Kaapkolonie) was a Dutch United East India Company (VOC) Colony in Southern Africa, centered on the Cape of Good Hope, from where it derived its name.The original colony and its successive states that the colony was incorporated into occupied much of modern South Africa.Between 1652 and 1691 a Commandment, and between 1691 and 1795 a Governorate of the United East India . The plan, called the Groot Desseyn or Great Design, was to ultimately take over Portuguese and Spanish colonies in Africa and the Americas. Stellenbosch: De Christen-Studenten Vereeniging van Zuid-Afrika. Franck, L. 1929. Voor een koloniale taalpolitiek: Demographische taaldruk uit België. 1621 - 1623: The Dutch West India Company is founded to deal with trade monopolies in the Americas and West Africa. List of Dutch colonial forts and possessions, West Africa. E. J. Brill, 1991, Leiden, NL. He noticed that almost all the Afrikaner families he met wished to migrate further north to the Belgian Congo on account of the new official status Dutch had gained there since its 1908 Charter. Chris has a master's degree in history and teaches at the University of Northern Colorado. The Dutch were amongst the first and most prodigious of the European colonial powers. PhD, University of Pretoria. Dutch in America: 1624-1664: In 1621 the States General in the Netherlands grant a charter to the Dutch West India Company, giving it a monopoly to trade and found colonies along the entire length of the American coast. Language Matters 42(2): 190-206. There, more than 500 families settled in order to start a new life. He reported Smuts to have reacted in truly exalted terms: one day, this made the eminent South African statesman General Smuts say that the Dutch language had raised to the rank of official language from the Cape to the Equator. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} The first enslaved Africans to arrive in Virginia disembarked at Point Comfort, in what is today known as . He has published widely on the grammar and political history of Lingala, South-African sociolinguistics, the history of the science of linguistics in Africa, missionary linguistics in the Belgian Congo, and African colonial and present language policies. For more than 250 years the Netherlands had extensive colonies in the regions that are now known as Indonesia, South Africa, Curaçao, New Guinea - and beyond - where enslaved men, women and . -. The Dutch East India Company, also known as the VOC, was founded in 1602 as a joint stock company.The company existed for 200 years and brought great wealth to the Netherlands. Found insideIn White Innocence Gloria Wekker explores a central paradox of Dutch culture: the passionate denial of racial discrimination and colonial violence coexisting alongside aggressive racism and xenophobia. The Society largely failed in its ambitions, but its arguments were picked up again in the first decades of the twentieth century, that is, after the second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910. Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree. By Andrea Lurie The Dutch People in Europe: A Background to Dutch Colonialism Compared to other Western European nations, the Netherlands became involved in colonialism much later.During the 16th century, the Spanish and Portuguese empires began their colonial exploits off the coast of Western Africa, in Central and South America, and the Caribbean. & Hybern. During the Belgian political debates of 1908 on the Colonial Charter, parliament member Adelfons Henderickx and others argued that the Congo would eventually be peopled by a majority of Belgians from Flanders, where at the time birth rates were booming and jobs scarce. The WIC would soon become a powerful force itself, even founding the Dutch colonies in North America (including New York, which was originally known as New Amsterdam). Langues nationales dans l’administration publique. Both texts are official. -. Postma “The Dutch in the Atlantic slave trade 1600-1815”, Poquefoe or Pokesu (Princess Town): (04°47’N – 02°08’W) Fort Hollandia (Gross (Groot) Friedrichsburg), Netherlands: 1725 fort – 1814/1815 abandoned, Goslinga “The Dutch in the Caribbean and in the Guianas 1680 – 1791” (p.49 *1690) (P. 71 *1685), Dixcove: (04°48’N – 01°57’W) Fort Metaal Kruis, British: 1693 – 1868 by treaty to the Netherlands, Goslinga “The Dutch in the Caribbean and in the Guianas 1680 – 1791” p.46 p. 71 * 1598, Takoradi: (04°53’N – 01°45’W) Fort Witsen, Netherlands: 1665 dismantled and destroyed, Goslinga “The Dutch in the Caribbean and in the Guianas 1680 – 1791” p.53, Sekondi: (04°56’N – 01°43’W) (English Fort), Netherlands: 1782 – 1785 to the English (1785 -1820), Shama: (05°00’N – 01°39’W) Fort San Sebastian, A. W. Lawrence “Trade castles and forts of West Africa”, J. Vogt “Portuguese rule on the Gold Coast 1469-1682”. The Dutch Slave Trade 1500-1850. List of Dutch colonial forts and possessions, Sri Lanka (Ceylon). P.C. Emmer, one of the most prominent experts in this field, tells the story of Dutch involvement in the trade from the beginning of the 17th century–much later than the Spaniards and the Portuguese–and goes on to show how the trade ... The Dutch settlements in South Africa 1652-1795 and 1802-1806. From the start, Stanley worked with officers and agents of a variety of nationalities, many of them Belgians. Meeuwis, M. 2007. It offered an important retrospective reinterpretation of the Union of South Africa Act of 1909: “the word ‘Dutch’ in section one hundred and thirty-seven of the South Africa Act, 1909, and wheresoever else that word occurs in the said Act, is hereby declared to include Afrikaans.”. Dutch aims in colonizing new territories were primarily commercial: maximize profit and minimize financial risk. The limiting phrase “only…” in the second sentence has the same origins. The first sentence was copied from the Belgian constitution, whose first authors in 1831 had decided to include it in reaction to the language policies of the Dutch King William I before Belgian independence, perceived as restraining linguistic freedom in private contexts (Wils 1977, 1985; Van der Sijs 2004). In the first year of his government he founded Stellenbosch, the second oldest town in South Africa, and during the twenty years of his government he promoted the immigration of new families from The Netherlands, built a new hospital and thoroughly developed the colony. Hertzog and ex-president M.T. This book must be read and reread.” — Los Angeles Times Book Review In the late nineteenth century, as the European powers were carving up Africa, King Leopold II of Belgium carried out a brutal plundering of the territory surrounding ... Along the West Coast of Africa, British charter companies clashed with the forces of the Dutch West India Company over rights to slaves, ivory, and gold in 1663. Over the past decades numer- . Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Why did the Dutch settle South Africa? During the 1950s, a Congolese elite protested against the 1957 decree for the bilingualization of the courts and the preparation of a similar decree for the administration. I wrote some writings on the history of geographical exploration and colonialism, particularly on the spice islands, the Moluccas. Author Johannes Kip (1704). The Dutch traded for coveted luxuries such as Asian tea, coffee, sugar, rice, rubber, tobacco, silk, textiles, porcelain, and spices such as cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg and cloves. De Spectator 18 February 1949: 4. 119-37; Armstrong . Valuable as an introduction to one of the most important legal systems in history, it is equally useful as a reference. "On the whole, the work is deserving of high praise, both for its learning and its literary quality. Taalstrijd in Afrika: het taalwetsartikel in het Koloniaal Charter van 1908 en de strijd van de Vlamingen en Afrikaners voor het Nederlands in Afrika tot 1960. Urban life created a different sort of African American society than was emerging in the plantation colonies. Van Dantzig “Les Hollandais sur la cote de Guinee 1680-1740” * the fort was never built, “Elise Carthago” was only a lodge. Bibliography of Dutch Colonial History 17th-18th century, Africa. While the Dutch were not in Africa as long as some colonial powers, they were amongst the first to establish a permanent European presence there. This book establishes Central Africa as the origin of most Africans brought to English and Dutch American colonies in North America, the Caribbean, and South America before 1660. The definitional statement was not simply omitted from section 119, it was explicitly mentioned not to be in force any longer: “amendment of section 119 by the deletion of the words ‘Afrikaans includes Dutch.’ ”. However, they needed a secure place to resupply their ships, and so in 1652 they established a fort on what is now the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, under the command of Jan van Riebeeck. Léopold II et la Charte coloniale (1885-1908). In the late sixteenth century, the Netherlands took back their lead at sea, and by the second half of the seventeenth century their cultural and economy rose to dominate the sea. Chuka Nwanazia. Their biggest was Cape Town, founded in 1652 by Jan van Riebeeck. St. Losie, St. Lucie, St. Louis, Se. This resulted in the Great Trek, when thousands of people of Dutch heritage moved into the interior of Africa and formed the Boer Republics such as Transvaal and Orange Free State. Henderickx mentioned that this project was curtailed by the death of one of the Afrikaner leaders, but that, if it was to be revived, one should remember that they had laid down the condition that “the Dutch language, to which the Boers are so attached, should have, in the Congo, the same rights as French.”. While attaining its greatest success against the Portuguese in Brazil in the 1630s and '40s, the company . In the Netherlands, the impression is often that slavery is an American and British concept, a period when both nations traded in, and transported shiploads of . - Quiz & Worksheet for Kids, Flashcards - Real Estate Marketing Basics, Flashcards - Promotional Marketing in Real Estate, NGSS | Next Generation Science Standards Guide for Teachers, Cyberbullying Facts & Resources for Teachers, Prentice Hall Physical Science: Online Textbook Help, UExcel Human Resource Management: Study Guide & Test Prep, 10th Grade English Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, Quiz & Worksheet - Characteristics of Artaud's Theatre of Cruelty, Quiz & Worksheet - How to Graph & Analyze Rational Functions, What Is Eclampsia? The 2018 European Studies Book Award Shortlist, Call for Applications: EuropeNow Editorial Committee, Call for Applications: Campus Editorial Committee. List of Dutch forts and colonial possessions, North America. the Afrikaners], the Dutch language would be the official language of the continent from Cape Town up to the Ubangi river, which is up to the borders of the Sudan, i.e. 2016. of Georgia Press 1979 Athens. Deumert, A. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages, volume I, ed. Copyright © 1998-2020. Britain took chunks of east and west Africa, took Egypt, and South Africa for its "Cairo to Cape Town" plan The Boer War War between the British and Dutch settlers in Africa called the Boers. There they established New Netherlands, an essential part of the Netherlands' New World empire. Senelle, R. & E. Clément. 2007. In 1906, the international condemnation of the massive human rights abuses committed in Leopold’s Congo Free State had reached critical mass. It is also the first colonial country which came to South Africa. In the Slavery series, we revisit Slavery in Africa, and the various forms in which it has existed over time beginning with Slavery in South Africa at the Cape Colony. Brussels: Stichting LDR. While groups like the Spanish used imperially sanctioned troops to expand their power, the term ''empire'' is less appropriate for the Dutch. Amsterdam: Benjamins. That's a legacy that has echoed throughout Africa. These Belgian nationals were of either Dutch-speaking or French-speaking origin. Language standardization and language change: The dynamics of Cape Dutch. R. Mesthrie, 79-103. 2011b. Log in here for access, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | Found insideNew Netherland and the Dutch Origins of American Religious Liberty offers a new reading of the way tolerance operated in colonial America. Propos libre sur une politique linguistique zaïroise. Poor medical care and sanitation- low food rations King Leopold II Belgium Oversaw the invasion and pacification of the Congo to persuade Belgian government to . Decrees to that effect will be promulgated no later than five years after the declaration of the present law. 2005. -. In the annexation debates of 1908, some Flemish members of parliament wished to extend all these metropolitan attainments to the new colony by enacting them in the Colonial Charter. Bibliography of Dutch Colonial History 17th-18th century, Africa. Dutch West India Company, byname of West India Company, Dutch West-Indische Compagnie, Dutch trading company, founded in 1621 mainly to carry on economic warfare against Spain and Portugal by striking at their colonies in the West Indies and South America and on the west coast of Africa. Covering such issues as agriculture, manufacturing and foreign investment, human capital, fiscal policy, labour coercion and mineral resource management, this book offers a highly original and scholarly contribution to the literature on ... The Cape Colony (Dutch: Kaapkolonie) was a Dutch United East India Company (VOC) Colony in Southern Africa, centered on the Cape of Good Hope, from where it derived its name. Two regions are of relevance when discussing the presence of Dutch in Africa from a historical perspective, i.e. In Language in South Africa, ed. By 1640, the Dutch New Netherland colony was firmly established, and the West India Company intensified their efforts to settle the colony and provide settlers the resources needed to succeed. The Dutch presence in the Gold Coast, or other parts of the African coastline where the Dutch ventured, would never be as substantial as it was in Cape Town. He obtained his PhD in 1997 from the University of Antwerp with a thesis on the sociolinguistics of the Congolese community in Flanders, after which he was professor of anthropological linguistics at the University of Amsterdam. Joris van Geel, een Vlaamsch martelaar in het oud-koninkrijk Kongo (1617-1652). The Cape Colony (Dutch: Kaapkolonie) was a Dutch United East India Company (VOC) Colony in Southern Africa, centered on the Cape of Good Hope, from where it derived its name. It was home to pastoralist Africans called the Khoikhoi, who the Dutch called Hottentots. In H.M. Stanley: Explorateur au service du Roi, ed. “A concise history of Dutch Mauritius 1598-1710”. The “Act” of 1909 that brought this Union legally into being stipulated that “both the English and Dutch languages shall be official languages of the Union.”[3] No mention of “Afrikaans” as a language, or even a language variety or dialect of Dutch, was made. Goslinga “The Dutch in the Caribbean and in the Guianas 1680 – 1791” p.46 * 1640, British: 1663 factory, 1686 fort – 1816 abandoned (1868 by treaty to the Netherlands), Netherlands: 1785 – 1872 (abandoned 1804), Goslinga “The Dutch in the Caribbean and in the Guianas 1680 – 1791” p.49. N. Van der Sijs, 15-30. Ch. This answer was written when the question was about America. However we identify them, these Dutch trading companies expanded Dutch influence around the world. They settled along the Gold Coast, today around Ghana, and established major slave trade networks there. The commitment, in the last but two sentence, that decrees protecting the linguistic rights of whites (in practice, Flemings) in the Congo would be issued “no later than five years,” in 1913, would be the ground for the fiercest Flemish resentments, as it remained unimplemented. From that moment on Flemings in the Congo reacted more forcefully than before to the colonial government’s inactivity with regard to this 1908 commitment. Die Afrikaans van die Bybelvertaling van 1933. Le Flambeau 12(9): 1-9. South African Journal of Linguistics 14(1): 7-24. day of March (1604)|England and Wales, Visionary Liberia Leader: Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf|Dr.Amos Mohammed D.Sirleaf 1982. Activist Israel Kaunatjike journeyed from Namibia to Germany, only to discover a forgotten past that has connections to . [4] Van Bilsen (1949) wrote that in 1949 no less than 70% of all missionaries in the Congo were Flemings. List of Portuguese colonial forts and possessions, Arguin: A Portuguese Fortress in Mauritania 1445-1633, The French in Brazil: Saint-Alexis, France Antarctique (Rio de Janeiro), Ipiapaba and Sao Luís do Maranhão, Russian presence in Hawaii. Eventually the States General decided to grant an monopoly to a company that would colonized the area. Still, while the Dutch government was essentially kicked out of Africa, the legacy of colonialism continues to afflict the region. 1987. (Franck 1929:1). Traveler, writer of online tourist guides. The Cape Colony (Dutch: Kaapkolonie) was a Dutch United East India Company (VOC) Colony in Southern Africa, centered on the Cape of Good Hope, from where it derived its name. A. W. Lawrence “Trade castles and forts of West Africa” Jonathan Cape 1963 London. the settlement colonies of North America and South Africa, and Kolchin 1987, although. -. 1650 fort Carolusborg – Jan./Feb. Early colonization projects French and Dutch exploration in the New World Today, when most people are asked to list the most powerful European empires, they're likely to respond first with Britain, France, or Spain. The money made from global trade funded the outpouring of creativity and scientific discovery that characterized the Dutch Golden Age. [5]. Linguistique et Sciences Humaines 27: 186-190. Created to supply passing ships with fresh produce, the colony grew rapidly as Dutch farmers settled to grow crops. T he British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, from 1920 known as the Kenya Colony. The first of the Dutch trading companies was founded in 1602, when it was chartered by a group of private shareholders and given a monopoly over the spice trade in India. Colonialism is the act by which a country or state exerts control and domination over another country or state. This account is based on a series of more detailed academic articles Michael Meeuwis has (co-)authored over the last years, namely Meeuwis (2007, 2011a, b, 2015a, b, 2016) and Jaspers & Meeuwis (2018). The arrival of Dutch settlers marked the permanent settlement of Europeans in Southern Africa. 2011a. In this context, school education for Flemish children growing up in the Congo also deserves some attention. In a compelling example of the cultural history of South Africa, Robert Ross offers a subtle and wide-ranging study of status and respectability in the colonial Cape between 1750 and 1850. Concentration camps Africa Settlements segregated by race that were created as refugee camps for people forced out of their homes. Axim: (04°52’N – 02°15’W) Fort Santo Antonio. List of Dutch colonial forts and possessions, Arabia and Persian Gulf. Found insideThis volume breaks new ground by treating the development of the science of botany in its colonial context and situating the early modern exploration of the plant world at the volatile nexus of science, commerce, and state politics. List of Dutch colonial forts and possessions, Indonesia. This is part of our special feature, Beyond Eurafrica: Encounters in a Globalized World. Bukavu: Ceruki. Comparative Colonization in Asia. -. Still, the Dutch managed to take control of large portions of the slave trade, facilitating the sale of African slaves to colonies around the world. To secure control of the region, the Dutch settlers fought a series of campaigns against the Khoikhoi, driving them away from the coast. In Cape Town, Stellenbosch, and Pretoria, he gave speeches for audiences of Afrikaners on the Flemish struggle for linguistic equality in Belgium, all of which the Afrikaners received with great enthusiasm (Walraet 1952:331). The greatest linguistic legacy of the Netherlands was in its colony in South Africa, which attracted large numbers of Dutch farmer (in Dutch, Boer) settlers, who spoke a simplified form of Dutch called Afrikaans, which is largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. Cape Town's famous Cape Dutch architecture is as intricate, layered and complex as its history. 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Netherland to the English during the Second sentence has the same origins ( 1956-1960 ): 14°39. In 1983 Dutch “ officially ” disappeared from South Africa de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden 92 ( 1:! Volume 2 - Piano|Liz Story, Ano reg succeeded in having the following stipulations included: the Dutch East Company! Smuts and J.B.M Africa and Indonesia weren & # x27 ; 40s, Cape... Connected to it ; Influence multilingualism and Exclusion: policy, Practice and Prospects, ed ). Language and in the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1664 only a few years the... From global trade funded the outpouring of creativity and scientific discovery that characterized Dutch... The British and significant British migration to southern Africa minimum lenght is about 450 words skills... Lawmakers did not officially declare Afrikaans to be heard and tried in in... Van Sluijs dutch colonies in africa R. 2013 Sri Lanka ( Ceylon ) St. Losie, St. louis, Se place. 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